PrusaSlicer-NonPlainar/xs/src/libslic3r/PrintObject.cpp

#include "Print.hpp"
#include "BoundingBox.hpp"
#include "ClipperUtils.hpp"
#include "Geometry.hpp"

#include <boost/log/trivial.hpp>

#include <Shiny/Shiny.h>

// #define SLIC3R_DEBUG

// Make assert active if SLIC3R_DEBUG
#ifdef SLIC3R_DEBUG
    #undef NDEBUG
    #define DEBUG
    #define _DEBUG
    #include "SVG.hpp"
    #undef assert 
    #include <cassert>
#endif

namespace Slic3r {

PrintObject::PrintObject(Print* print, ModelObject* model_object, const BoundingBoxf3 &modobj_bbox)
:   typed_slices(false),
    _print(print),
    _model_object(model_object)
{
    // Compute the translation to be applied to our meshes so that we work with smaller coordinates
    {
        // Translate meshes so that our toolpath generation algorithms work with smaller
        // XY coordinates; this translation is an optimization and not strictly required.
        // A cloned mesh will be aligned to 0 before slicing in _slice_region() since we
        // don't assume it's already aligned and we don't alter the original position in model.
        // We store the XY translation so that we can place copies correctly in the output G-code
        // (copies are expressed in G-code coordinates and this translation is not publicly exposed).
        this->_copies_shift = Point(
            scale_(modobj_bbox.min.x), scale_(modobj_bbox.min.y));

        // Scale the object size and store it
        Pointf3 size = modobj_bbox.size();
        this->size = Point3(scale_(size.x), scale_(size.y), scale_(size.z));
    }
    
    this->reload_model_instances();
    this->layer_height_ranges = model_object->layer_height_ranges;
}

bool
PrintObject::add_copy(const Pointf &point)
{
    Points points = this->_copies;
    points.push_back(Point::new_scale(point.x, point.y));
    return this->set_copies(points);
}

bool
PrintObject::delete_last_copy()
{
    Points points = this->_copies;
    points.pop_back();
    return this->set_copies(points);
}

bool
PrintObject::delete_all_copies()
{
    Points points;
    return this->set_copies(points);
}

bool
PrintObject::set_copies(const Points &points)
{
    this->_copies = points;
    
    // order copies with a nearest neighbor search and translate them by _copies_shift
    this->_shifted_copies.clear();
    this->_shifted_copies.reserve(points.size());
    
    // order copies with a nearest-neighbor search
    std::vector<Points::size_type> ordered_copies;
    Slic3r::Geometry::chained_path(points, ordered_copies);
    
    for (std::vector<Points::size_type>::const_iterator it = ordered_copies.begin(); it != ordered_copies.end(); ++it) {
        Point copy = points[*it];
        copy.translate(this->_copies_shift);
        this->_shifted_copies.push_back(copy);
    }
    
    bool invalidated = false;
    if (this->_print->invalidate_step(psSkirt)) invalidated = true;
    if (this->_print->invalidate_step(psBrim)) invalidated = true;
    return invalidated;
}

bool
PrintObject::reload_model_instances()
{
    Points copies;
    for (ModelInstancePtrs::const_iterator i = this->_model_object->instances.begin(); i != this->_model_object->instances.end(); ++i) {
        copies.push_back(Point::new_scale((*i)->offset.x, (*i)->offset.y));
    }
    return this->set_copies(copies);
}

void
PrintObject::add_region_volume(int region_id, int volume_id)
{
    region_volumes[region_id].push_back(volume_id);
}

/*  This is the *total* layer count (including support layers)
    this value is not supposed to be compared with Layer::id
    since they have different semantics */
size_t
PrintObject::total_layer_count() const
{
    return this->layer_count() + this->support_layer_count();
}

size_t
PrintObject::layer_count() const
{
    return this->layers.size();
}

void
PrintObject::clear_layers()
{
    for (int i = this->layers.size()-1; i >= 0; --i)
        this->delete_layer(i);
}

Layer*
PrintObject::add_layer(int id, coordf_t height, coordf_t print_z, coordf_t slice_z)
{
    Layer* layer = new Layer(id, this, height, print_z, slice_z);
    layers.push_back(layer);
    return layer;
}

void
PrintObject::delete_layer(int idx)
{
    LayerPtrs::iterator i = this->layers.begin() + idx;
    delete *i;
    this->layers.erase(i);
}

size_t
PrintObject::support_layer_count() const
{
    return this->support_layers.size();
}

void
PrintObject::clear_support_layers()
{
    for (int i = this->support_layers.size()-1; i >= 0; --i)
        this->delete_support_layer(i);
}

SupportLayer*
PrintObject::get_support_layer(int idx)
{
    return this->support_layers.at(idx);
}

SupportLayer*
PrintObject::add_support_layer(int id, coordf_t height, coordf_t print_z)
{
    SupportLayer* layer = new SupportLayer(id, this, height, print_z, -1);
    support_layers.push_back(layer);
    return layer;
}

void
PrintObject::delete_support_layer(int idx)
{
    SupportLayerPtrs::iterator i = this->support_layers.begin() + idx;
    delete *i;
    this->support_layers.erase(i);
}

bool
PrintObject::invalidate_state_by_config_options(const std::vector<t_config_option_key> &opt_keys)
{
    std::set<PrintObjectStep> steps;
    
    // this method only accepts PrintObjectConfig and PrintRegionConfig option keys
    for (std::vector<t_config_option_key>::const_iterator opt_key = opt_keys.begin(); opt_key != opt_keys.end(); ++opt_key) {
        if (*opt_key == "perimeters"
            || *opt_key == "extra_perimeters"
            || *opt_key == "gap_fill_speed"
            || *opt_key == "overhangs"
            || *opt_key == "first_layer_extrusion_width"
            || *opt_key == "perimeter_extrusion_width"
            || *opt_key == "infill_overlap"
            || *opt_key == "thin_walls"
            || *opt_key == "external_perimeters_first") {
            steps.insert(posPerimeters);
        } else if (*opt_key == "layer_height"
            || *opt_key == "first_layer_height"
            || *opt_key == "xy_size_compensation"
            || *opt_key == "raft_layers") {
            steps.insert(posSlice);
        } else if (*opt_key == "support_material"
            || *opt_key == "support_material_angle"
            || *opt_key == "support_material_extruder"
            || *opt_key == "support_material_extrusion_width"
            || *opt_key == "support_material_interface_layers"
            || *opt_key == "support_material_interface_extruder"
            || *opt_key == "support_material_interface_spacing"
            || *opt_key == "support_material_interface_speed"
            || *opt_key == "support_material_buildplate_only"
            || *opt_key == "support_material_pattern"
            || *opt_key == "support_material_spacing"
            || *opt_key == "support_material_threshold"
            || *opt_key == "support_material_with_sheath"
            || *opt_key == "dont_support_bridges"
            || *opt_key == "first_layer_extrusion_width") {
            steps.insert(posSupportMaterial);
        } else if (*opt_key == "interface_shells"
            || *opt_key == "infill_only_where_needed"
            || *opt_key == "infill_every_layers"
            || *opt_key == "solid_infill_every_layers"
            || *opt_key == "bottom_solid_layers"
            || *opt_key == "top_solid_layers"
            || *opt_key == "solid_infill_below_area"
            || *opt_key == "infill_extruder"
            || *opt_key == "solid_infill_extruder"
            || *opt_key == "infill_extrusion_width"
            || *opt_key == "ensure_vertical_shell_thickness") {
            steps.insert(posPrepareInfill);
        } else if (*opt_key == "external_fill_pattern"
            || *opt_key == "external_fill_link_max_length"
            || *opt_key == "fill_angle"
            || *opt_key == "fill_pattern"
            || *opt_key == "fill_link_max_length"
            || *opt_key == "top_infill_extrusion_width"
            || *opt_key == "first_layer_extrusion_width") {
            steps.insert(posInfill);
        } else if (*opt_key == "fill_density"
            || *opt_key == "solid_infill_extrusion_width") {
            steps.insert(posPerimeters);
            steps.insert(posPrepareInfill);
        } else if (*opt_key == "external_perimeter_extrusion_width"
            || *opt_key == "perimeter_extruder") {
            steps.insert(posPerimeters);
            steps.insert(posSupportMaterial);
        } else if (*opt_key == "bridge_flow_ratio") {
            steps.insert(posPerimeters);
            steps.insert(posInfill);
        } else if (*opt_key == "seam_position"
            || *opt_key == "seam_preferred_direction"
            || *opt_key == "seam_preferred_direction_jitter"
            || *opt_key == "support_material_speed"
            || *opt_key == "bridge_speed"
            || *opt_key == "external_perimeter_speed"
            || *opt_key == "infill_speed"
            || *opt_key == "perimeter_speed"
            || *opt_key == "small_perimeter_speed"
            || *opt_key == "solid_infill_speed"
            || *opt_key == "top_solid_infill_speed") {
            // these options only affect G-code export, so nothing to invalidate
        } else {
            // for legacy, if we can't handle this option let's invalidate all steps
            return this->invalidate_all_steps();
        }
    }
    
    bool invalidated = false;
    for (std::set<PrintObjectStep>::const_iterator step = steps.begin(); step != steps.end(); ++step) {
        if (this->invalidate_step(*step)) invalidated = true;
    }
    
    return invalidated;
}

bool
PrintObject::invalidate_step(PrintObjectStep step)
{
    bool invalidated = this->state.invalidate(step);
    
    // propagate to dependent steps
    if (step == posPerimeters) {
        this->invalidate_step(posPrepareInfill);
        this->_print->invalidate_step(psSkirt);
        this->_print->invalidate_step(psBrim);
    } else if (step == posPrepareInfill) {
        this->invalidate_step(posInfill);
    } else if (step == posInfill) {
        this->_print->invalidate_step(psSkirt);
        this->_print->invalidate_step(psBrim);
    } else if (step == posSlice) {
        this->invalidate_step(posPerimeters);
        this->invalidate_step(posSupportMaterial);
    } else if (step == posSupportMaterial) {
        this->_print->invalidate_step(psSkirt);
        this->_print->invalidate_step(psBrim);
    }
    
    return invalidated;
}

bool
PrintObject::invalidate_all_steps()
{
    // make a copy because when invalidating steps the iterators are not working anymore
    std::set<PrintObjectStep> steps = this->state.started;
    
    bool invalidated = false;
    for (std::set<PrintObjectStep>::const_iterator step = steps.begin(); step != steps.end(); ++step) {
        if (this->invalidate_step(*step)) invalidated = true;
    }
    return invalidated;
}

bool
PrintObject::has_support_material() const
{
    return this->config.support_material
        || this->config.raft_layers > 0
        || this->config.support_material_enforce_layers > 0;
}

// This function analyzes slices of a region (SurfaceCollection slices).
// Each region slice (instance of Surface) is analyzed, whether it is supported or whether it is the top surface.
// Initially all slices are of type S_TYPE_INTERNAL.
// Slices are compared against the top / bottom slices and regions and classified to the following groups:
// S_TYPE_TOP - Part of a region, which is not covered by any upper layer. This surface will be filled with a top solid infill.
// S_TYPE_BOTTOMBRIDGE - Part of a region, which is not fully supported, but it hangs in the air, or it hangs losely on a support or a raft.
// S_TYPE_BOTTOM - Part of a region, which is not supported by the same region, but it is supported either by another region, or by a soluble interface layer.
// S_TYPE_INTERNAL - Part of a region, which is supported by the same region type.
// If a part of a region is of S_TYPE_BOTTOM and S_TYPE_TOP, the S_TYPE_BOTTOM wins.
void PrintObject::detect_surfaces_type()
{
    BOOST_LOG_TRIVIAL(info) << "Detecting solid surfaces...";

    for (int idx_region = 0; idx_region < this->_print->regions.size(); ++ idx_region) {
#ifdef SLIC3R_DEBUG_SLICE_PROCESSING
        for (int idx_layer = 0; idx_layer < int(this->layer_count()); ++ idx_layer) {
            LayerRegion *layerm = this->layers[idx_layer]->get_region(idx_region);
            layerm->export_region_fill_surfaces_to_svg_debug("1_detect_surfaces_type-initial");
        }
#endif /* SLIC3R_DEBUG_SLICE_PROCESSING */

        for (int idx_layer = 0; idx_layer < int(this->layer_count()); ++ idx_layer) {
            Layer       *layer  = this->layers[idx_layer];
            LayerRegion *layerm = layer->get_region(idx_region);
            // comparison happens against the *full* slices (considering all regions)
            // unless internal shells are requested
            Layer       *upper_layer = idx_layer + 1 < this->layer_count() ? this->get_layer(idx_layer + 1) : NULL;
            Layer       *lower_layer = idx_layer > 0 ? this->get_layer(idx_layer - 1) : NULL;
            // collapse very narrow parts (using the safety offset in the diff is not enough)
            float        offset = layerm->flow(frExternalPerimeter).scaled_width() / 10.f;

            Polygons     layerm_slices_surfaces = to_polygons(layerm->slices.surfaces);

            // find top surfaces (difference between current surfaces
            // of current layer and upper one)
            Surfaces top;
            if (upper_layer) {
                // Config value $self->config->interface_shells is true, if a support is separated from the object
                // by a soluble material (for example a PVA plastic).
                Polygons upper_slices = this->config.interface_shells.value ? 
                    to_polygons(upper_layer->get_region(idx_region)->slices.surfaces) : 
                    to_polygons(upper_layer->slices);
                surfaces_append(top,
                    offset2_ex(diff(layerm_slices_surfaces, upper_slices, true), -offset, offset),
                    stTop);
            } else {
                // if no upper layer, all surfaces of this one are solid
                // we clone surfaces because we're going to clear the slices collection
                top = layerm->slices.surfaces;
                for (Surfaces::iterator it = top.begin(); it != top.end(); ++ it)
                    it->surface_type = stTop;
            }
            
            // find bottom surfaces (difference between current surfaces
            // of current layer and lower one)
            Surfaces bottom;
            if (lower_layer) {
                // If we have soluble support material, don't bridge. The overhang will be squished against a soluble layer separating
                // the support from the print.
                SurfaceType surface_type_bottom = 
                    (this->config.support_material.value && this->config.support_material_contact_distance.value == 0) ?
                    stBottom : stBottomBridge;
                // Any surface lying on the void is a true bottom bridge (an overhang)
                surfaces_append(
                    bottom,
                    offset2_ex(
                        diff(layerm_slices_surfaces, to_polygons(lower_layer->slices), true), 
                        -offset, offset),
                    surface_type_bottom);
                // if user requested internal shells, we need to identify surfaces
                // lying on other slices not belonging to this region
                //FIXME Vojtech: config.internal_shells or config.interface_shells? Is it some legacy code?
                // Why shall multiple regions over soluble support be treated specially?
                if (this->config.interface_shells.value) {
                    // non-bridging bottom surfaces: any part of this layer lying 
                    // on something else, excluding those lying on our own region
                    surfaces_append(
                        bottom,
                        offset2_ex(
                            diff(
                                intersection(layerm_slices_surfaces, to_polygons(lower_layer->slices)), // supported
                                to_polygons(lower_layer->get_region(idx_region)->slices.surfaces), 
                                true), 
                            -offset, offset),
                        stBottom);
                }
            } else {
                // if no lower layer, all surfaces of this one are solid
                // we clone surfaces because we're going to clear the slices collection
                bottom = layerm->slices.surfaces;
                // if we have raft layers, consider bottom layer as a bridge
                // just like any other bottom surface lying on the void
                SurfaceType surface_type_bottom = 
                    (this->config.raft_layers.value > 0 && this->config.support_material_contact_distance.value > 0) ?
                    stBottomBridge : stBottom;
                for (Surfaces::iterator it = bottom.begin(); it != bottom.end(); ++ it)
                    it->surface_type = surface_type_bottom;
            }
            
            // now, if the object contained a thin membrane, we could have overlapping bottom
            // and top surfaces; let's do an intersection to discover them and consider them
            // as bottom surfaces (to allow for bridge detection)
            if (! top.empty() && ! bottom.empty()) {
//                Polygons overlapping = intersection(to_polygons(top), to_polygons(bottom));
//                Slic3r::debugf "  layer %d contains %d membrane(s)\n", $layerm->layer->id, scalar(@$overlapping)
//                    if $Slic3r::debug;
                Polygons top_polygons = to_polygons(STDMOVE(top));
                top.clear();
                surfaces_append(top,
#if 0
                    offset2_ex(diff(top_polygons, to_polygons(bottom), true), -offset, offset),
#else
                    diff_ex(top_polygons, to_polygons(bottom), false),
#endif
                    stTop);
            }
            
            // save surfaces to layer
            layerm->slices.surfaces.clear();

            // find internal surfaces (difference between top/bottom surfaces and others)
            {
                Polygons topbottom = to_polygons(top);
                polygons_append(topbottom, to_polygons(bottom));
                layerm->slices.append(
#if 0
                    offset2_ex(diff(layerm_slices_surfaces, topbottom, true), -offset, offset),
#else
                    diff_ex(layerm_slices_surfaces, topbottom, false),
#endif
                    stInternal);
            }

            layerm->slices.append(STDMOVE(top));
            layerm->slices.append(STDMOVE(bottom));
            
//            Slic3r::debugf "  layer %d has %d bottom, %d top and %d internal surfaces\n",
//                $layerm->layer->id, scalar(@bottom), scalar(@top), scalar(@internal) if $Slic3r::debug;

#ifdef SLIC3R_DEBUG_SLICE_PROCESSING
            layerm->export_region_slices_to_svg_debug("detect_surfaces_type-final");
#endif /* SLIC3R_DEBUG_SLICE_PROCESSING */
        } // for each layer of a region
        
        // Fill in layerm->fill_surfaces by trimming the layerm->slices by the cummulative layerm->fill_surfaces.
        for (int idx_layer = 0; idx_layer < int(this->layer_count()); ++ idx_layer) {
            LayerRegion *layerm = this->layers[idx_layer]->get_region(idx_region);
            layerm->slices_to_fill_surfaces_clipped();
#ifdef SLIC3R_DEBUG_SLICE_PROCESSING
            layerm->export_region_fill_surfaces_to_svg_debug("1_detect_surfaces_type-final");
#endif /* SLIC3R_DEBUG_SLICE_PROCESSING */
        } // for each layer of a region
    } // for each $self->print->region_count
}

void
PrintObject::process_external_surfaces()
{
    BOOST_LOG_TRIVIAL(info) << "Processing external surfaces...";

    FOREACH_REGION(this->_print, region) {
        size_t region_id = region - this->_print->regions.begin();
        
        FOREACH_LAYER(this, layer_it) {
            const Layer* lower_layer = (layer_it == this->layers.begin())
                ? NULL
                : *(layer_it-1);
            
            (*layer_it)->get_region(region_id)->process_external_surfaces(lower_layer);
        }
    }
}

struct DiscoverVerticalShellsCacheEntry
{
    DiscoverVerticalShellsCacheEntry() : valid(false) {}
    // Collected polygons, offsetted
    Polygons    slices;
    Polygons    fill_surfaces;
    // Is this cache entry valid?
    bool        valid;
};

void
PrintObject::discover_vertical_shells()
{
    PROFILE_FUNC();

    BOOST_LOG_TRIVIAL(info) << "Discovering vertical shells...";

    const SurfaceType surfaces_bottom[2] = { stBottom, stBottomBridge };

    for (size_t idx_region = 0; idx_region < this->_print->regions.size(); ++ idx_region) {
        PROFILE_BLOCK(discover_vertical_shells_region);

        const PrintRegion &region = *this->_print->get_region(idx_region);
        if (! region.config.ensure_vertical_shell_thickness.value)
            // This region will be handled by discover_horizontal_shells().
            continue;
        int n_extra_top_layers    = std::max(0, region.config.top_solid_layers.value - 1);
        int n_extra_bottom_layers = std::max(0, region.config.bottom_solid_layers.value - 1);
        if (n_extra_top_layers + n_extra_bottom_layers == 0)
            // Zero or 1 layer, there is no additional vertical wall thickness enforced.
            continue;
        // Cyclic buffers of pre-calculated offsetted top/bottom surfaces.
        std::vector<DiscoverVerticalShellsCacheEntry> cache_top_regions(n_extra_top_layers, DiscoverVerticalShellsCacheEntry());
        std::vector<DiscoverVerticalShellsCacheEntry> cache_bottom_regions(n_extra_bottom_layers, DiscoverVerticalShellsCacheEntry());
        for (size_t idx_layer = 0; idx_layer < this->layers.size(); ++ idx_layer) 
        {
            PROFILE_BLOCK(discover_vertical_shells_region_layer);

            Layer       *layer               = this->layers[idx_layer];
            LayerRegion *layerm              = layer->get_region(idx_region);
            Flow         solid_infill_flow   = layerm->flow(frSolidInfill);
            coord_t      infill_line_spacing = solid_infill_flow.scaled_spacing(); 
            // Find a union of perimeters below / above this surface to guarantee a minimum shell thickness.
            Polygons shell;
            Polygons holes;
#ifdef SLIC3R_DEBUG_SLICE_PROCESSING
            ExPolygons shell_ex;
#endif /* SLIC3R_DEBUG_SLICE_PROCESSING */
            float min_perimeter_infill_spacing = float(infill_line_spacing) * 1.05f;
            if (1)
            {
                PROFILE_BLOCK(discover_vertical_shells_region_layer_collect);
#ifdef SLIC3R_DEBUG_SLICE_PROCESSING
                {
                    static size_t idx = 0;
                    SVG svg_cummulative(debug_out_path("discover_vertical_shells-perimeters-before-union-run%d.svg", idx), this->bounding_box());
                    for (int n = (int)idx_layer - n_extra_bottom_layers; n <= (int)idx_layer + n_extra_top_layers; ++ n) {
                        if (n < 0 || n >= (int)this->layers.size())
                            continue;
                        ExPolygons &expolys = this->layers[n]->perimeter_expolygons;
                        for (size_t i = 0; i < expolys.size(); ++ i) {
                            SVG svg(debug_out_path("discover_vertical_shells-perimeters-before-union-run%d-layer%d-expoly%d.svg", idx, n, i), get_extents(expolys[i]));
                            svg.draw(expolys[i]);
                            svg.draw_outline(expolys[i].contour, "black", scale_(0.05));
                            svg.draw_outline(expolys[i].holes, "blue", scale_(0.05));
                            svg.Close();

                            svg_cummulative.draw(expolys[i]);
                            svg_cummulative.draw_outline(expolys[i].contour, "black", scale_(0.05));
                            svg_cummulative.draw_outline(expolys[i].holes, "blue", scale_(0.05));
                        }
                    }
                    ++ idx;
                }
#endif /* SLIC3R_DEBUG_SLICE_PROCESSING */
                // Reset the top / bottom inflated regions caches of entries, which are out of the moving window.
                if (n_extra_top_layers > 0)
                    cache_top_regions[idx_layer % n_extra_top_layers].valid = false;
                if (n_extra_bottom_layers > 0 && idx_layer > 0)
                    cache_bottom_regions[(idx_layer - 1) % n_extra_bottom_layers].valid = false;
                bool hole_first = true;
                for (int n = (int)idx_layer - n_extra_bottom_layers; n <= (int)idx_layer + n_extra_top_layers; ++ n)
                    if (n >= 0 && n < (int)this->layers.size()) {
                        Layer       &neighbor_layer = *this->layers[n];
                        LayerRegion &neighbor_region = *neighbor_layer.get_region(int(idx_region));
                        Polygons newholes;
                        for (size_t idx_region = 0; idx_region < this->_print->regions.size(); ++ idx_region)
                            polygons_append(newholes, to_polygons(neighbor_layer.get_region(idx_region)->fill_expolygons));
                        if (hole_first) {
                            hole_first = false;
                            polygons_append(holes, STDMOVE(newholes));
                        }
                        else if (! holes.empty()) {
                            holes = intersection(holes, newholes);
                        }
                        size_t n_shell_old = shell.size();
                        if (n > int(idx_layer)) {
                            // Collect top surfaces.
                            DiscoverVerticalShellsCacheEntry &cache = cache_top_regions[n % n_extra_top_layers];
                            if (! cache.valid) {
                                cache.valid = true;
                                // neighbor_region.slices contain the source top regions,
                                // so one would think that they encompass the top fill_surfaces. But the fill_surfaces could have been
                                // expanded before, therefore they may protrude out of neighbor_region.slices's top surfaces.
                                //FIXME one should probably use the cummulative top surfaces over all regions here.
                                cache.slices = offset(to_expolygons(neighbor_region.slices.filter_by_type(stTop)), min_perimeter_infill_spacing);
                                cache.fill_surfaces = offset(to_expolygons(neighbor_region.fill_surfaces.filter_by_type(stTop)), min_perimeter_infill_spacing);
                            }
                            polygons_append(shell, cache.slices);
                            polygons_append(shell, cache.fill_surfaces);
                        }
                        else if (n < int(idx_layer)) {
                            // Collect bottom and bottom bridge surfaces.
                            DiscoverVerticalShellsCacheEntry &cache = cache_bottom_regions[n % n_extra_bottom_layers];
                            if (! cache.valid) {
                                cache.valid = true;
                                //FIXME one should probably use the cummulative top surfaces over all regions here.
                                cache.slices = offset(to_expolygons(neighbor_region.slices.filter_by_types(surfaces_bottom, 2)), min_perimeter_infill_spacing);
                                cache.fill_surfaces = offset(to_expolygons(neighbor_region.fill_surfaces.filter_by_types(surfaces_bottom, 2)), min_perimeter_infill_spacing);
                            }
                            polygons_append(shell, cache.slices);
                            polygons_append(shell, cache.fill_surfaces);
                        }
                        // Running the union_ using the Clipper library piece by piece is cheaper 
                        // than running the union_ all at once.
                        if (n_shell_old < shell.size())
                           shell = union_(shell, false);
                    }
#ifdef SLIC3R_DEBUG_SLICE_PROCESSING
                {
                    static size_t idx = 0;
                    SVG svg(debug_out_path("discover_vertical_shells-perimeters-before-union-%d.svg", idx ++), get_extents(shell));
                    svg.draw(shell);
                    svg.draw_outline(shell, "black", scale_(0.05));
                    svg.Close(); 
                }
#endif /* SLIC3R_DEBUG_SLICE_PROCESSING */
#if 0
                {
                    PROFILE_BLOCK(discover_vertical_shells_region_layer_shell_);
//                    shell = union_(shell, true);
                    shell = union_(shell, false); 
                }
#endif
#ifdef SLIC3R_DEBUG_SLICE_PROCESSING
                shell_ex = union_ex(shell, true);
#endif /* SLIC3R_DEBUG_SLICE_PROCESSING */
            }

            //if (shell.empty())
            //    continue;

#ifdef SLIC3R_DEBUG_SLICE_PROCESSING
            {
                static size_t idx = 0;
                SVG svg(debug_out_path("discover_vertical_shells-perimeters-after-union-%d.svg", idx ++), get_extents(shell));
                svg.draw(shell_ex);
                svg.draw_outline(shell_ex, "black", "blue", scale_(0.05));
                svg.Close();  
            }
#endif /* SLIC3R_DEBUG_SLICE_PROCESSING */

#ifdef SLIC3R_DEBUG_SLICE_PROCESSING
            {
                static size_t idx = 0;
                SVG svg(debug_out_path("discover_vertical_shells-internal-wshell-%d.svg", idx ++), get_extents(shell));
                svg.draw(layerm->fill_surfaces.filter_by_type(stInternal), "yellow", 0.5);
                svg.draw_outline(layerm->fill_surfaces.filter_by_type(stInternal), "black", "blue", scale_(0.05));
                svg.draw(shell_ex, "blue", 0.5);
                svg.draw_outline(shell_ex, "black", "blue", scale_(0.05));
                svg.Close();
            } 
            {
                static size_t idx = 0;
                SVG svg(debug_out_path("discover_vertical_shells-internalvoid-wshell-%d.svg", idx ++), get_extents(shell));
                svg.draw(layerm->fill_surfaces.filter_by_type(stInternalVoid), "yellow", 0.5);
                svg.draw_outline(layerm->fill_surfaces.filter_by_type(stInternalVoid), "black", "blue", scale_(0.05));
                svg.draw(shell_ex, "blue", 0.5);
                svg.draw_outline(shell_ex, "black", "blue", scale_(0.05));
                svg.Close();
            } 
            {
                static size_t idx = 0;
                SVG svg(debug_out_path("discover_vertical_shells-internalvoid-wshell-%d.svg", idx ++), get_extents(shell));
                svg.draw(layerm->fill_surfaces.filter_by_type(stInternalVoid), "yellow", 0.5);
                svg.draw_outline(layerm->fill_surfaces.filter_by_type(stInternalVoid), "black", "blue", scale_(0.05));
                svg.draw(shell_ex, "blue", 0.5);
                svg.draw_outline(shell_ex, "black", "blue", scale_(0.05)); 
                svg.Close();
            } 
#endif /* SLIC3R_DEBUG_SLICE_PROCESSING */

            // Trim the shells region by the internal & internal void surfaces.
            const SurfaceType surfaceTypesInternal[] = { stInternal, stInternalVoid, stInternalSolid };
            const Polygons    polygonsInternal = to_polygons(layerm->fill_surfaces.filter_by_types(surfaceTypesInternal, 2));
            shell = intersection(shell, polygonsInternal, true);
            polygons_append(shell, diff(polygonsInternal, holes));
            if (shell.empty())
                continue;

            // Append the internal solids, so they will be merged with the new ones.
            polygons_append(shell, to_polygons(layerm->fill_surfaces.filter_by_type(stInternalSolid)));

            // These regions will be filled by a rectilinear full infill. Currently this type of infill
            // only fills regions, which fit at least a single line. To avoid gaps in the sparse infill,
            // make sure that this region does not contain parts narrower than the infill spacing width.
#ifdef SLIC3R_DEBUG_SLICE_PROCESSING
            Polygons shell_before = shell;
#endif /* SLIC3R_DEBUG_SLICE_PROCESSING */
#if 1
            // Intentionally inflate a bit more than how much the region has been shrunk, 
            // so there will be some overlap between this solid infill and the other infill regions (mainly the sparse infill).
            shell = offset2(shell, - 0.5f * min_perimeter_infill_spacing, 0.8f * min_perimeter_infill_spacing, ClipperLib::jtSquare);
            if (shell.empty())
                continue;
#else
            // Ensure each region is at least 3x infill line width wide, so it could be filled in.
//            float margin = float(infill_line_spacing) * 3.f;
            float margin = float(infill_line_spacing) * 1.5f;
            // we use a higher miterLimit here to handle areas with acute angles
            // in those cases, the default miterLimit would cut the corner and we'd
            // get a triangle in $too_narrow; if we grow it below then the shell
            // would have a different shape from the external surface and we'd still
            // have the same angle, so the next shell would be grown even more and so on.
            Polygons too_narrow = diff(shell, offset2(shell, -margin, margin, ClipperLib::jtMiter, 5.), true);
            if (! too_narrow.empty()) {
                // grow the collapsing parts and add the extra area to  the neighbor layer 
                // as well as to our original surfaces so that we support this 
                // additional area in the next shell too
                // make sure our grown surfaces don't exceed the fill area
                polygons_append(shell, intersection(offset(too_narrow, margin), polygonsInternal));
            }
#endif
            ExPolygons new_internal_solid = intersection_ex(polygonsInternal, shell, false);
#ifdef SLIC3R_DEBUG_SLICE_PROCESSING
            {
                static size_t idx = 0;
                SVG svg(debug_out_path("discover_vertical_shells-regularized-%d.svg", idx ++), get_extents(shell_before));
                // Source shell.
                svg.draw(union_ex(shell_before, true));
                // Shell trimmed to the internal surfaces.
                svg.draw_outline(union_ex(shell, true), "black", "blue", scale_(0.05));
                // Regularized infill region.
                svg.draw_outline(new_internal_solid, "red", "magenta", scale_(0.05));
                svg.Close();  
            }
#endif /* SLIC3R_DEBUG_SLICE_PROCESSING */

            // Trim the internal & internalvoid by the shell.
            Slic3r::ExPolygons new_internal = diff_ex(
                to_polygons(layerm->fill_surfaces.filter_by_type(stInternal)),
                shell,
                false
            );
            Slic3r::ExPolygons new_internal_void = diff_ex(
                to_polygons(layerm->fill_surfaces.filter_by_type(stInternalVoid)),
                shell,
                false
            );

#ifdef SLIC3R_DEBUG_SLICE_PROCESSING
            {
                static size_t idx = 0;
                SVG::export_expolygons(debug_out_path("discover_vertical_shells-new_internal-%d.svg", idx), get_extents(shell), new_internal, "black", "blue", scale_(0.05));
                SVG::export_expolygons(debug_out_path("discover_vertical_shells-new_internal_void-%d.svg", idx), get_extents(shell), new_internal_void, "black", "blue", scale_(0.05));
                SVG::export_expolygons(debug_out_path("discover_vertical_shells-new_internal_solid-%d.svg", idx), get_extents(shell), new_internal_solid, "black", "blue", scale_(0.05));
                ++ idx;
            }
#endif /* SLIC3R_DEBUG_SLICE_PROCESSING */

            // Assign resulting internal surfaces to layer.
            const SurfaceType surfaceTypesKeep[] = { stTop, stBottom, stBottomBridge };
            layerm->fill_surfaces.keep_types(surfaceTypesKeep, sizeof(surfaceTypesKeep)/sizeof(SurfaceType));
            layerm->fill_surfaces.append(new_internal,       stInternal);
            layerm->fill_surfaces.append(new_internal_void,  stInternalVoid);
            layerm->fill_surfaces.append(new_internal_solid, stInternalSolid);

#ifdef SLIC3R_DEBUG_SLICE_PROCESSING
            layerm->export_region_slices_to_svg_debug("4_discover_vertical_shells");
            layerm->export_region_fill_surfaces_to_svg_debug("4_discover_vertical_shells");
#endif /* SLIC3R_DEBUG_SLICE_PROCESSING */
        } // for each layer
    } // for each region

    // Write the profiler measurements to file
    PROFILE_UPDATE();
    PROFILE_OUTPUT(debug_out_path("discover_vertical_shells-profile.txt").c_str());
}

/* This method applies bridge flow to the first internal solid layer above
   sparse infill */
void
PrintObject::bridge_over_infill()
{
    BOOST_LOG_TRIVIAL(info) << "Bridge over infill...";

    FOREACH_REGION(this->_print, region) {
        size_t region_id = region - this->_print->regions.begin();
        
        // skip bridging in case there are no voids
        if ((*region)->config.fill_density.value == 100) continue;
        
        // get bridge flow
        Flow bridge_flow = (*region)->flow(
            frSolidInfill,
            -1,     // layer height, not relevant for bridge flow
            true,   // bridge
            false,  // first layer
            -1,     // custom width, not relevant for bridge flow
            *this
        );
        
        FOREACH_LAYER(this, layer_it) {
            // skip first layer
            if (layer_it == this->layers.begin()) continue;
            
            Layer* layer        = *layer_it;
            LayerRegion* layerm = layer->get_region(region_id);
            
            // extract the stInternalSolid surfaces that might be transformed into bridges
            Polygons internal_solid;
            layerm->fill_surfaces.filter_by_type(stInternalSolid, &internal_solid);
            
            // check whether the lower area is deep enough for absorbing the extra flow
            // (for obvious physical reasons but also for preventing the bridge extrudates
            // from overflowing in 3D preview)
            ExPolygons to_bridge;
            {
                Polygons to_bridge_pp = internal_solid;
                
                // iterate through lower layers spanned by bridge_flow
                double bottom_z = layer->print_z - bridge_flow.height;
                for (int i = (layer_it - this->layers.begin()) - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
                    const Layer* lower_layer = this->layers[i];
                    
                    // stop iterating if layer is lower than bottom_z
                    if (lower_layer->print_z < bottom_z) break;
                    
                    // iterate through regions and collect internal surfaces
                    Polygons lower_internal;
                    FOREACH_LAYERREGION(lower_layer, lower_layerm_it)
                        (*lower_layerm_it)->fill_surfaces.filter_by_type(stInternal, &lower_internal);
                    
                    // intersect such lower internal surfaces with the candidate solid surfaces
                    to_bridge_pp = intersection(to_bridge_pp, lower_internal);
                }
                
                // there's no point in bridging too thin/short regions
                //FIXME Vojtech: The offset2 function is not a geometric offset, 
                // therefore it may create 1) gaps, and 2) sharp corners, which are outside the original contour.
                // The gaps will be filled by a separate region, which makes the infill less stable and it takes longer.
                {
                    double min_width = bridge_flow.scaled_width() * 3;
                    to_bridge_pp = offset2(to_bridge_pp, -min_width, +min_width);
                }
                
                if (to_bridge_pp.empty()) continue;
                
                // convert into ExPolygons
                to_bridge = union_ex(to_bridge_pp);
            }
            
            #ifdef SLIC3R_DEBUG
            printf("Bridging " PRINTF_ZU " internal areas at layer " PRINTF_ZU "\n", to_bridge.size(), layer->id());
            #endif
            
            // compute the remaning internal solid surfaces as difference
            ExPolygons not_to_bridge = diff_ex(internal_solid, to_polygons(to_bridge), true);
            to_bridge = intersection_ex(to_polygons(to_bridge), internal_solid, true);
            
            // build the new collection of fill_surfaces
            {
                layerm->fill_surfaces.remove_type(stInternalSolid);

                for (ExPolygons::const_iterator ex = to_bridge.begin(); ex != to_bridge.end(); ++ex)
                    layerm->fill_surfaces.surfaces.push_back(Surface(stInternalBridge, *ex));
                
                for (ExPolygons::const_iterator ex = not_to_bridge.begin(); ex != not_to_bridge.end(); ++ex)
                    layerm->fill_surfaces.surfaces.push_back(Surface(stInternalSolid, *ex));
            }
            
            /*
            # exclude infill from the layers below if needed
            # see discussion at https://github.com/alexrj/Slic3r/issues/240
            # Update: do not exclude any infill. Sparse infill is able to absorb the excess material.
            if (0) {
                my $excess = $layerm->extruders->{infill}->bridge_flow->width - $layerm->height;
                for (my $i = $layer_id-1; $excess >= $self->get_layer($i)->height; $i--) {
                    Slic3r::debugf "  skipping infill below those areas at layer %d\n", $i;
                    foreach my $lower_layerm (@{$self->get_layer($i)->regions}) {
                        my @new_surfaces = ();
                        # subtract the area from all types of surfaces
                        foreach my $group (@{$lower_layerm->fill_surfaces->group}) {
                            push @new_surfaces, map $group->[0]->clone(expolygon => $_),
                                @{diff_ex(
                                    [ map $_->p, @$group ],
                                    [ map @$_, @$to_bridge ],
                                )};
                            push @new_surfaces, map Slic3r::Surface->new(
                                expolygon       => $_,
                                surface_type    => S_TYPE_INTERNALVOID,
                            ), @{intersection_ex(
                                [ map $_->p, @$group ],
                                [ map @$_, @$to_bridge ],
                            )};
                        }
                        $lower_layerm->fill_surfaces->clear;
                        $lower_layerm->fill_surfaces->append($_) for @new_surfaces;
                    }
                    
                    $excess -= $self->get_layer($i)->height;
                }
            }
            */

#ifdef SLIC3R_DEBUG_SLICE_PROCESSING
            layerm->export_region_slices_to_svg_debug("7_bridge_over_infill");
            layerm->export_region_fill_surfaces_to_svg_debug("7_bridge_over_infill");
#endif /* SLIC3R_DEBUG_SLICE_PROCESSING */
        }
    }
}

SlicingParameters PrintObject::slicing_parameters() const
{
    return SlicingParameters::create_from_config(
        this->print()->config, this->config, 
        unscale(this->size.z), this->print()->object_extruders());
}

void PrintObject::update_layer_height_profile()
{
    if (this->layer_height_profile.empty()) {
        if (0)
//        if (this->layer_height_profile.empty())
            this->layer_height_profile = layer_height_profile_adaptive(this->slicing_parameters(), this->layer_height_ranges,
                this->model_object()->volumes);
        else
            this->layer_height_profile = layer_height_profile_from_ranges(this->slicing_parameters(), this->layer_height_ranges);
    }
}

// 1) Decides Z positions of the layers,
// 2) Initializes layers and their regions
// 3) Slices the object meshes
// 4) Slices the modifier meshes and reclassifies the slices of the object meshes by the slices of the modifier meshes
// 5) Applies size compensation (offsets the slices in XY plane)
// 6) Replaces bad slices by the slices reconstructed from the upper/lower layer
// Resulting expolygons of layer regions are marked as Internal.
//
// this should be idempotent
void PrintObject::_slice()
{
    SlicingParameters slicing_params = this->slicing_parameters();

    // 1) Initialize layers and their slice heights.
    std::vector<float> slice_zs;
    {
        this->clear_layers();
        // Object layers (pairs of bottom/top Z coordinate), without the raft.
        this->update_layer_height_profile();
        std::vector<coordf_t> object_layers = generate_object_layers(slicing_params, this->layer_height_profile);
        // Reserve object layers for the raft. Last layer of the raft is the contact layer.
        int id = int(slicing_params.raft_layers());
        slice_zs.reserve(object_layers.size());
        Layer *prev = nullptr;
        for (size_t i_layer = 0; i_layer < object_layers.size(); i_layer += 2) {
            coordf_t lo = object_layers[i_layer];
            coordf_t hi = object_layers[i_layer + 1];
            coordf_t slice_z = 0.5 * (lo + hi);
            Layer *layer = this->add_layer(id ++, hi - lo, hi + slicing_params.object_print_z_min, slice_z);
            slice_zs.push_back(float(slice_z));
            if (prev != nullptr) {
                prev->upper_layer = layer;
                layer->lower_layer = prev;
            }
            // Make sure all layers contain layer region objects for all regions.
            for (size_t region_id = 0; region_id < this->print()->regions.size(); ++ region_id)
                layer->add_region(this->print()->regions[region_id]);
            prev = layer;
        }
    }
    
    if (this->print()->regions.size() == 1) {
        // Optimized for a single region. Slice the single non-modifier mesh.
        std::vector<ExPolygons> expolygons_by_layer = this->_slice_region(0, slice_zs, false);
        for (size_t layer_id = 0; layer_id < expolygons_by_layer.size(); ++ layer_id)
            this->layers[layer_id]->regions.front()->slices.append(std::move(expolygons_by_layer[layer_id]), stInternal);
    } else {
        // Slice all non-modifier volumes.
        for (size_t region_id = 0; region_id < this->print()->regions.size(); ++ region_id) {
            std::vector<ExPolygons> expolygons_by_layer = this->_slice_region(region_id, slice_zs, false);
            for (size_t layer_id = 0; layer_id < expolygons_by_layer.size(); ++ layer_id)
                this->layers[layer_id]->regions[region_id]->slices.append(std::move(expolygons_by_layer[layer_id]), stInternal);
        }
        // Slice all modifier volumes.
        for (size_t region_id = 0; region_id < this->print()->regions.size(); ++ region_id) {
            std::vector<ExPolygons> expolygons_by_layer = this->_slice_region(region_id, slice_zs, true);
            // loop through the other regions and 'steal' the slices belonging to this one
            for (size_t other_region_id = 0; other_region_id < this->print()->regions.size(); ++ other_region_id) {
                if (region_id == other_region_id)
                    continue;
                for (size_t layer_id = 0; layer_id < expolygons_by_layer.size(); ++ layer_id) {
                    Layer       *layer = layers[layer_id];
                    LayerRegion *layerm = layer->regions[region_id];
                    LayerRegion *other_layerm = layer->regions[other_region_id];
                    if (layerm == nullptr || other_layerm == nullptr)
                        continue;
                    Polygons other_slices = to_polygons(other_layerm->slices);
                    ExPolygons my_parts = intersection_ex(other_slices, to_polygons(expolygons_by_layer[layer_id]));
                    if (my_parts.empty())
                        continue;
                    // Remove such parts from original region.
                    other_layerm->slices.set(diff_ex(other_slices, to_polygons(my_parts)), stInternal);
                    // Append new parts to our region.
                    layerm->slices.append(std::move(my_parts), stInternal);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    // remove last layer(s) if empty
    while (! this->layers.empty()) {
        const Layer *layer = this->layers.back();
        for (size_t region_id = 0; region_id < this->print()->regions.size(); ++ region_id)
            if (layer->regions[region_id] != nullptr && ! layer->regions[region_id]->slices.empty())
                // Non empty layer.
                goto end;
        this->delete_layer(int(this->layers.size()) - 1);
    }
end:
    ;

    for (size_t layer_id = 0; layer_id < layers.size(); ++ layer_id) {
        Layer *layer = this->layers[layer_id];
        // apply size compensation
        if (this->config.xy_size_compensation.value != 0.) {
            float delta = float(scale_(this->config.xy_size_compensation.value));
            if (layer->regions.size() == 1) {
                // single region
                LayerRegion *layerm = layer->regions.front();
                layerm->slices.set(offset_ex(to_expolygons(std::move(layerm->slices.surfaces)), delta), stInternal);
            } else {
                if (delta < 0) {
                    // multiple regions, shrinking
                    // we apply the offset to the combined shape, then intersect it
                    // with the original slices for each region
                    Polygons region_slices;
                    for (size_t region_id = 0; region_id < layer->regions.size(); ++ region_id)
                        polygons_append(region_slices, layer->regions[region_id]->slices.surfaces);
                    Polygons slices = offset(union_(region_slices), delta);
                    for (size_t region_id = 0; region_id < layer->regions.size(); ++ region_id) {
                        LayerRegion *layerm = layer->regions[region_id];
                        layerm->slices.set(std::move(intersection_ex(slices, to_polygons(std::move(layerm->slices.surfaces)))), stInternal);
                    }
                } else {
                    // multiple regions, growing
                    // this is an ambiguous case, since it's not clear how to grow regions where they are going to overlap
                    // so we give priority to the first one and so on
                    Polygons processed;
                    for (size_t region_id = 0;; ++ region_id) {
                        LayerRegion *layerm = layer->regions[region_id];
                        ExPolygons slices = offset_ex(to_expolygons(layerm->slices.surfaces), delta);
                        if (region_id > 0)
                            // Trim by the slices of already processed regions.
                            slices = diff_ex(to_polygons(std::move(slices)), processed);
                        if (region_id + 1 == layer->regions.size()) {
                            layerm->slices.set(std::move(slices), stInternal);
                            break;
                        }
                        polygons_append(processed, slices);
                        layerm->slices.set(std::move(slices), stInternal);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        
        // Merge all regions' slices to get islands, chain them by a shortest path.
        layer->make_slices();
    }
}

std::vector<ExPolygons> PrintObject::_slice_region(size_t region_id, const std::vector<float> &z, bool modifier)
{
    std::vector<ExPolygons> layers;
    assert(region_id < this->region_volumes.size());
    std::vector<int> &volumes = this->region_volumes[region_id];
    if (! volumes.empty()) {
        // Compose mesh.
        //FIXME better to perform slicing over each volume separately and then to use a Boolean operation to merge them.
        TriangleMesh mesh;
        for (std::vector<int>::const_iterator it_volume = volumes.begin(); it_volume != volumes.end(); ++ it_volume) {
            ModelVolume *volume = this->model_object()->volumes[*it_volume];
            if (volume->modifier == modifier)
                mesh.merge(volume->mesh);
        }
        if (mesh.stl.stats.number_of_facets > 0) {
            // transform mesh
            // we ignore the per-instance transformations currently and only 
            // consider the first one
            this->model_object()->instances.front()->transform_mesh(&mesh, true);
            // align mesh to Z = 0 (it should be already aligned actually) and apply XY shift
            mesh.translate(- unscale(this->_copies_shift.x), - unscale(this->_copies_shift.y), -this->model_object()->bounding_box().min.z);
            // perform actual slicing
            TriangleMeshSlicer mslicer(&mesh);
            mslicer.slice(z, &layers);
        }
    }
    return layers;
}

void
PrintObject::_make_perimeters()
{
    if (this->state.is_done(posPerimeters)) return;
    this->state.set_started(posPerimeters);
    
    // merge slices if they were split into types
    if (this->typed_slices) {
        FOREACH_LAYER(this, layer_it)
            (*layer_it)->merge_slices();
        this->typed_slices = false;
        this->state.invalidate(posPrepareInfill);
    }
    
    // compare each layer to the one below, and mark those slices needing
    // one additional inner perimeter, like the top of domed objects-
    
    // this algorithm makes sure that at least one perimeter is overlapping
    // but we don't generate any extra perimeter if fill density is zero, as they would be floating
    // inside the object - infill_only_where_needed should be the method of choice for printing
    // hollow objects
    FOREACH_REGION(this->_print, region_it) {
        size_t region_id = region_it - this->_print->regions.begin();
        const PrintRegion &region = **region_it;
        
        
        if (!region.config.extra_perimeters
            || region.config.perimeters == 0
            || region.config.fill_density == 0
            || this->layer_count() < 2) continue;
        
        for (int i = 0; i < int(this->layer_count()) - 1; ++i) {
            LayerRegion &layerm                     = *this->get_layer(i)->get_region(region_id);
            const LayerRegion &upper_layerm         = *this->get_layer(i+1)->get_region(region_id);
            const Polygons upper_layerm_polygons    = upper_layerm.slices;
            
            // Filter upper layer polygons in intersection_ppl by their bounding boxes?
            // my $upper_layerm_poly_bboxes= [ map $_->bounding_box, @{$upper_layerm_polygons} ];
            double total_loop_length = 0;
            for (Polygons::const_iterator it = upper_layerm_polygons.begin(); it != upper_layerm_polygons.end(); ++it)
                total_loop_length += it->length();
            
            const coord_t perimeter_spacing     = layerm.flow(frPerimeter).scaled_spacing();
            const Flow ext_perimeter_flow       = layerm.flow(frExternalPerimeter);
            const coord_t ext_perimeter_width   = ext_perimeter_flow.scaled_width();
            const coord_t ext_perimeter_spacing = ext_perimeter_flow.scaled_spacing();
            
            for (Surfaces::iterator slice = layerm.slices.surfaces.begin();
                slice != layerm.slices.surfaces.end(); ++slice) {
                while (true) {
                    // compute the total thickness of perimeters
                    const coord_t perimeters_thickness = ext_perimeter_width/2 + ext_perimeter_spacing/2
                        + (region.config.perimeters-1 + region.config.extra_perimeters) * perimeter_spacing;
                    
                    // define a critical area where we don't want the upper slice to fall into
                    // (it should either lay over our perimeters or outside this area)
                    const coord_t critical_area_depth = perimeter_spacing * 1.5;
                    const Polygons critical_area = diff(
                        offset(slice->expolygon, -perimeters_thickness),
                        offset(slice->expolygon, -(perimeters_thickness + critical_area_depth))
                    );
                    
                    // check whether a portion of the upper slices falls inside the critical area
                    const Polylines intersection = intersection_pl(
                        to_polylines(upper_layerm_polygons),
                        critical_area
                    );
                    
                    // only add an additional loop if at least 30% of the slice loop would benefit from it
                    {
                        double total_intersection_length = 0;
                        for (Polylines::const_iterator it = intersection.begin(); it != intersection.end(); ++it)
                            total_intersection_length += it->length();
                        if (total_intersection_length <= total_loop_length*0.3) break;
                    }
                    
                    /*
                    if (0) {
                        require "Slic3r/SVG.pm";
                        Slic3r::SVG::output(
                            "extra.svg",
                            no_arrows   => 1,
                            expolygons  => union_ex($critical_area),
                            polylines   => [ map $_->split_at_first_point, map $_->p, @{$upper_layerm->slices} ],
                        );
                    }
                    */
                    
                    slice->extra_perimeters++;
                }
                
                #ifdef DEBUG
                    if (slice->extra_perimeters > 0)
                        printf("  adding %d more perimeter(s) at layer %zu\n", slice->extra_perimeters, i);
                #endif
            }
        }
    }
    
    parallelize<Layer*>(
        std::queue<Layer*>(std::deque<Layer*>(this->layers.begin(), this->layers.end())),  // cast LayerPtrs to std::queue<Layer*>
        boost::bind(&Slic3r::Layer::make_perimeters, _1),
        this->_print->config.threads.value
    );
    
    /*
        simplify slices (both layer and region slices),
        we only need the max resolution for perimeters
    ### This makes this method not-idempotent, so we keep it disabled for now.
    ###$self->_simplify_slices(&Slic3r::SCALED_RESOLUTION);
    */
    
    this->state.set_done(posPerimeters);
}

void
PrintObject::_infill()
{
    if (this->state.is_done(posInfill)) return;
    this->state.set_started(posInfill);
    
    parallelize<Layer*>(
        std::queue<Layer*>(std::deque<Layer*>(this->layers.begin(), this->layers.end())),  // cast LayerPtrs to std::queue<Layer*>
        boost::bind(&Slic3r::Layer::make_fills, _1),
        this->_print->config.threads.value
    );
    
    /*  we could free memory now, but this would make this step not idempotent
    ### $_->fill_surfaces->clear for map @{$_->regions}, @{$object->layers};
    */
    
    this->state.set_done(posInfill);
}

} // namespace Slic3r